Physical AI

Physical AI is artificial intelligence that perceives and acts in the physical world - humanoid robots, manipulators and embodied agents - rather than only producing text or images. Its main bottleneck is data: first-person demonstrations of real physical tasks, which must be recorded rather than scraped.

Unlike digital AI, physical AI interacts with objects, contact forces and consequences, and there is no comparable archive of physical action. That is why the data layer, not compute or model size, is usually the constraint.